Chapter 15 - Instructional Practices in Effective Schools

This chapter was about different instructional practices that are associated with effective teaching methods. Educational goals are "general statements about directions toward which we want learning outcomes to lead." Educational objectives are "clearly defined, observable, and measurable student outcome that indicates learner progress toward the achievement of a particular educational goal. There are eight intelligences: verbal-linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, musical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence and naturalist intelligence. Every person has a part of all of these eight intelligences, the amount per intelligence just differs from person to person. There are four main models of instruction: family, the social family, the personal family, and the behavioural systems family. These four families differ in their orientation. The information processing family focuses on a student-centered orientation that resembles constructivism. Examples of this model are inquiry instruction, critical thinking instruction and synectics. The social family focuses on a student-centered orientation that resembles progressivism. Examples of this model are cooperative learning and problem-based instruction. The personal family focuses on a student-centered orientation that resembles Rogerian counseling. An example of this model is non directive instruction. Lastly, the behavioural systems family focuses on a teacher-centered orientation that resembles behaviourism. Examples of this model are direct instruction and mastery learning. Students vary in many different ways, and one way is the way the learn things. The imaginative learner, the analytic learner, the commonsense learner, and the dynamic learner are the four main types of learners.

~DaNo~